## 通用寄存器
8086CPU的所有的寄存器都是16位的，可以存放两个字节。AX、BX、CX、DX这4个寄存器为通用寄存器。

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一个16位寄存器可以存储一个16位的数据。

8086CPU的上一代CPU中的寄存器都是8位，为了保证兼容，使原来基于上代CPU编写的程序稍加修改就可以运行在8086之上

8086CPU的 AX、BX、CX、DX、这4个寄存器可以分为两个独立使用的8位寄存器来用

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## 字在寄存器中的存储
8086CPU可以一次性处理以下两种尺寸的数据

+ 字节：byte，一个字节由8个bit组成，可以存在8位寄存器中
+ 字：word，一个字由两个字节组成，两个字节分别称为这个字的高位字节和低位字节

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## 汇编指令
| 汇编指令 | CPU操作 | 高级语言 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| mov ax,18 | 将18送入寄存器AX | AX=18 |
| mov ah,78 | 将78送入寄存器AH | AH=78 |
| add ax,8 | 将寄存器AX中的数值加上8 | AX=AX+8 |
| mov ax,bx | 将寄存器BX中的数据送入寄存器AX | AX=BX |
| add ax,bx | 将AX和BX中的数值相加，结果存在AX中 | AX=AX+BX |


程序段指令执行情况 （原AX的值：0000H 原BX的值：0000H）

| 程序段中的指令 | 指令执行后AX中的数据 | 指令执行后BX中的数据 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| mov ax,4E20H | 4E20H | 0000H |
| add ax,1406H | 6226H | 0000H |
| mov bx,2000H | 6226H | 2000H |
| add ax,bx | 8226H | 2000H |
| mov bx,ax | 8226H | 8226H |
| add ax,bx | 044CH | 8226H |


程序段中的最后一条指令 add ax,bx，在执行前 ax和 bx 中的数据都为 8226H，相加后所得的值为:1044CH，但是 ax 为 16 位寄存器，只能存放 4位十六进制的数据，所以最高位的 1不能在 ax 中保存，ax中的数据为:044CH。

程序段指令执行情况 （原AX的值：0000H 原BX的值：0000H）

| 程序段中的指令 | 指令执行后AX中的数据 | 指令执行后BX中的数据 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| mov ax,001AH | 001AH | 0000H |
| mov bx,0026H | 001AH | 0026H |
| add al.bl | 0040H | 0026H |
| add ah,bl | 2640H | 0026H |
| add bh,al | 2640H | 4026H |
| mov ah,0 | 0040H | 4026H |
| add al,85H | 00C5H | 4026H |
| add al,93H | 0058H | 4026H |


程序段中的最后一条指令 add al,93H，在执行前，al 中的数据为 C5H，相加后所得的值为:158H，但是 a1为8位寄存器，只能存放两位十六进制的数据，所以最高位的1丢失，ax 中的数据为:0058H。

## 段地址x16+偏移地址=物理地址 本质含义
“段地址x16+偏移地址=物理地址”的本质含义是:CPU 在访问内存时，用一个基础地址(段地址x16)和一个相对于基础地址的偏移地址相加，给出内存单元的物理地址。

“基础地址+偏移地址=物理地址”的思想

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你要去图书馆，问我那里的地址，我可以用两种方式告诉你图书馆的地址:

(1)从学校走 2826m 到图书馆。这 2826m 可以认为是图书馆的物理地址。

(2)从学校走 2000m 到体育馆，从体育馆再走 826m 到图书馆。第一个距离 2000m,是相对于起点的基础地址，第二个距离 826m 是相对于基础地址的偏移地址(以基础地址为起点的地址)。

第一种方式是直接给出物理地址 2826m，而第二种方式是用基础地址和偏移地址相加来得到物理地址的。

第二个比喻进一步说明“段地址x16+偏移地址=物理地址”的思想。



比如，只能通过纸条来互相通信，你问我图书馆的地址我只能将它写在纸上告诉你。显然，我必须有一张可以容纳4位数据的纸条，才能写下 2826 这个数据。

可不巧的是，我没有能容纳4位数据的纸条，仅有两张可以容纳3位数据的纸条。这样我只能以这种方式告诉你 2826 这个数据。

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在第一张纸上写上 200(段地址)，在第二张纸上写上 826(偏移地址)。假设我们事前对这种情况又有过相关的约定:你得到这两张纸后，做这样的运算:200(段地址)x10+826(偏移地址)=2826(物理地址)。

8086CPU 就是这样一个只能提供两张3位数据纸条的CPU。

## 段的概念
内存并没有分段，段的划分来自于CPU，由于 8086CPU 用“基础地址(段地址x16)+偏移地址=物理地址”的方式给出内存单元的物理地址，使得我们可以用分段的方式来管理内存。

可以认为:地址10000H~100FFH 的内存单元组成一个段，该段的起始地址(基础地址)为10000H，段地址为1000H，大小为100H;我们也可以认为地址 10000H~1007FH、10080H~100FFH 的内存单元组成两个段，它们的起始地址(基础地址)为:10000H和10080H，段地址为:1000H和1008H，大小都为80H。

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## 段寄存器
段地址在 8086CPU 的段寄存器中存放。8086CPU有4个段寄存器:CS、DS、SS、ES。当8086CPU要访问内存时由这4个段寄存器提供内存单元的段地址。

## CS和IP
CS为代码段寄存器 IP为指令指针寄存器

在 8086PC 机中，任意时刻，设CS 中的内容为 M，P 中的内容为N，8086CPU 将从内存 Mx16+N 单元开始，读取一条指令并执行。

执行指令工作原理

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9J5k6h3y4G2L8g2)9J5c8Y4W2#2M7i4g2W2i4K6u0r3x3q4)9J5c8U0t1H3x3U0c8Q4x3V1k6H3L8X3N6Q4x3V1j5J5z5e0t1K6y4U0t1K6y4q4)9J5c8U0p5%4x3U0V1K6x3K6p5I4y4o6b7%4x3K6m8Q4x3X3c8W2k6h3p5%4j5U0j5H3x3q4)9J5k6o6y4V1y4h3u0Q4x3X3b7@1j5K6t1J5i4K6u0V1j5X3x3@1k6W2)9J5k6r3g2X3j5U0j5$3k6U0f1H3x3r3x3&6j5g2)9J5k6i4m8F1k6#2)9J5z5b7`.`.

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## 修改CS、IP指令
jmp指令

同时修改CS IP的内容，可以使用 jmp段地址：偏移地址的指令完成

| jmp 2AE3:3 | CS=2AE3H,IP=0003H | CPU将从2AE33H处读取指令 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| jmp 3:0B16 | CS=0003H,IP=0B16H | CPU将从00B46HH处读取指令 |


只下IP的内容

| jmp ax | |
| --- | --- |
| 执行前 | ax=1000H,CS=2000H,IP=0003H |
| 执行后 | ax=1000H,CS=2000H,IP=1000H |
| jmp bx  |  |
| 执行前 | bx=0B16H,CS=2000H,IP=0003H |
| 执行后 | bx=0B16H,CS=2000H,IP=0B16H |

[培训]科锐逆向工程师培训第53期2025年7月8日开班！